Supplementary material from “An overlooked plant-parakeet mutualism counteracts human overharvesting on an endangered tree” The exponential growth of the human population often causes the overexploitation of resources and disruption of ecological interactions. We focused on the complex interactions between an endangered conifer (Araucaria araucana) and two seed exploiters: the Austral parakeet (Enicognathus ferrugineus) and human seed collectors. We found that incomplete seed eating by parakeets retained germination potential (similar to that of intact seeds) and that humans selected against these eaten seeds. Thus, parakeet feeding behaviour may enhance regeneration possibilities for this conifer species subject to human seed collection, turning the scale of the antagonism-mutualism continuum between Araucaria and parakeets to the mutualistic side. In this supplementary material we include the data used for each of the analyses described in the manuscript. ESM 1: Data used to compare the proportion of partially eaten seeds between people’s bags and those collected underneath trees Legend: Data used to compare the proportion of partially eaten seeds differed between seed pools collected from people’s bags and those collected underneath trees considering a logit-link function and a Binomial error distribution, and including “group” (i.e., gatherer or tree) as a random term. Bag_Tree Prop log_Prop Araucaria Bag 0.08 0.033423755 3 Bag 0 0 4 Bag 0.08 0.033423755 7 Bag 0.02 0.008600172 12 Bag 0.04 0.017033339 13 Bag 0 0 14 Bag 0.02 0.008600172 15 Bag 0 0 16 Bag 0 0 17 Bag 0 0 18 Tree 0.6 0.204119983 3 Tree 0.11 0.045322979 4 Tree 0.43 0.155336037 7 Tree 0.03 0.012837225 12 Tree 0.57 0.195899652 13 Tree 0.8 0.255272505 14 Tree 0.83 0.26245109 15 Tree 0.53 0.184691431 16 Tree 0.23 0.089905111 17 Tree 0.77 0.247973266 18 Abreviations of variable names: Bag_Tree=whether sample was taken from "Bag"= bags where humans collected seeds,or from "Tree"=from the ground where humans were collecting seeds. Prop=proportion of partially predated seeds/intact seeds log_Prop= logarithm of Prop Araucaria= number assigned to each Araucaria tree that we sampled. ESM 2: Intact seed density comparison Legend:Data used to compare the proportion of partially eaten seeds differed between seed pools collected from people’s bags and those collected underneath trees considering a logit-link function and a Binomial error distribution, and including “group” (i.e., gatherer or tree) as a random term. Site Den_ent R1 4.50 R1 1.00 R1 3.00 R1 3.00 R1 4.50 R1 4.50 R1 5.50 R1 2.5 R1 1.5 R1 6.5 R1 2.5 R1 4.50 R1 1.5 R1 2.5 R1 6.5 R1 1.5 R1 3.5 R1 5.50 R1 6.5 R1 1.00 R3 5.00 R3 4.00 NoR 4.00 R3 7.00 R3 1.5 R3 14.5 R3 0.5 R3 0.00 R3 10.00 R3 9.5 NoR 116.00 NoR 93.5 NoR 13.00 NoR 21.00 NoR 39.5 NoR 4.50 NoR 24.00 NoR 19.00 NoR 12.5 NoR 121.00 R2 1.00 R2 1.5 R2 0.00 R2 1.00 R2 0.00 R2 0.00 R2 0.5 R2 2.00 R2 0.00 R2 4.50 R2 1.00 R2 1.00 R2 0.00 R2 0.5 R2 0.5 R2 3.00 R2 4.00 R2 1.00 R2 0.5 R2 1.5 R2 4.50 R2 14.5 R2 3.00 R2 2.00 Abreviations: Site= Araucaria population sampled Den_ent= density of intact seeds found NoR= population not subject to human seeds collection R1= first population subject to human seed collection R2= second population subject to human seed collection R3= third population subject to human seed collection ESM 3: Influence of seed size on the germination results Legend: Data used to test whether seed size may have influence the germination success controling for maternal effects. Arau_EC P_EC Res_EC Treat Lar_EC LcA_EC Anch_EC Arau_CC P_CC Res_CC Treat Lar_CC LcA_CC Anch_CC Cant_Pre Arau_Cor Treat Res_Cor Cor Lar_Cor Anch_Cor Cant_Cor 1 3.33 0 EC 36.24 51.96 14.74 3 2.36 0 CC 39.05 54.32 13 NA 9C 4.32 1 Cor 45.11 15.42 10 1 2.81 0 EC 36.99 50.8 14.74 3 2.57 0 CC 43.29 63.28 13.82 NA 9C 4.32 1 Cor 45.33 15.23 20 3 3.78 0 EC 42.15 61.43 14.06 3 2.55 0 CC 43.89 NA 14.28 35 9C 4.59 0 Cor 46.5 15.99 10 3 2.81 1 EC 39.22 57.41 14.2 3 2.09 0 CC 41.24 NA 12.08 30 9C 3.93 1 Cor 42.06 14.57 5 4 3.48 1 EC 39.81 53.66 12.97 7 4.21 0 CC 47.19 65.76 16 15 9C 4.42 1 Cor 50.07 15.05 5 4 3.7 0 EC 42.33 53.43 13.8 7 4.12 0 CC 49.15 69.29 15.1 30 15C 2.98 1 Cor 44.21 15.79 20 5 5.38 0 EC 46.46 62.83 16.93 7 4.31 1 CC 53.52 75.36 15.52 20 15C 3.85 1 Cor 39.77 16.48 5 5 5.01 0 EC 45.34 65.62 15.29 7 3.34 0 CC 52.77 72.16 17.5 30 15C 2.93 0 Cor 36.61 13.92 15 6 3.66 0 EC 42.36 66.84 13.55 8 3.49 0 CC 43.9 66.16 12.76 NA 15oC 3.36 1 Cor 40.1 13.37 15 6 4.01 0 EC 43.82 61.15 15.15 9 3.8 0 CC 48.09 68.84 12.43 15 15oC 2.98 1 Cor 41.01 14.85 25 7 4.72 0 EC 52.78 69.28 14.68 10 3.94 0 CC 48.42 71.11 15.34 NA 15oC 2.59 1 Cor 36.57 13.06 20 7 5.69 0 EC 49.37 71.33 14.46 10 3.64 0 CC 47.11 69.31 16.16 NA 22oC 2.8 1 Cor 36.4 13.83 10 8 4.63 1 EC 47.99 71.88 14.61 10 3.18 0 CC 45.49 75.18 15.52 5 22oC 3.25 1 Cor 40.11 14.02 10 8 3.54 0 EC 43.39 58.69 13.97 10 3.59 0 CC 46.58 70.58 14.8 15 22oC 2.85 1 Cor 44.47 14.86 30 9 4.19 0 EC 43.91 63.59 15.12 10 3.17 0 CC 50.9 NA 15.4 5 22oC 3.3 1 Cor 43.84 12.69 5 9 5.08 0 EC 48.67 70.17 17.55 10 3.9 0 CC 47.05 72.07 15.41 20 22oC 2.88 1 Cor 40.74 12.54 15 10 4.46 0 EC 46.88 71.11 17.32 13 3.45 0 CC 39.22 60.64 15.69 5 8C 4.43 1 Cor 44.09 15.94 20 10 4.33 1 EC 48.11 69.95 15.35 13 2.92 0 CC 39.37 NA 14.11 10 8C 3.48 0 Cor 45.04 15.86 10 10 3.74 0 EC 47.7 70.84 15.66 13 2.61 0 CC 30.36 NA 14.08 5 8C 4.61 1 Cor 45.63 16.95 15 10 4.18 1 EC 45.73 NA 15 13 2.93 1 CC 37.5 55.95 14.99 10 8C 4.07 1 Cor 46.44 16.21 20 10 4.41 1 EC 49.51 68.58 16.46 14 2.57 0 CC 42.93 NA 13.53 30 8C 4.08 1 Cor 45.74 14.25 5 11 3.62 0 EC 47.31 68.85 14.16 14 3.17 1 CC 34.85 NA 15.22 15 8C 3.73 1 Cor 44.49 14.78 15 12 3.93 0 EC 38.68 53.41 15.55 14 2.69 0 CC 38.03 55.38 13.74 30 24oC 3.19 0 Cor 44.55 14.66 5 12 3.51 0 EC 36.45 51.48 16.08 14 2.35 0 CC 42.88 62.24 14.77 15 24oC 3.73 1 Cor 42.45 15.65 10 13 2.56 0 EC 33.02 52.68 13.16 15 2.92 0 CC 38.47 NA 15.21 20 24oC 3.51 1 Cor 49.44 15.25 10 13 2.12 0 EC 33.69 48.91 13.19 15 3.67 0 CC 45.83 NA 16.28 5 24oC 2.6 0 Cor 42.32 13.52 10 13 2.32 0 EC 35.69 53.18 12.31 15 3.12 1 CC 43.11 65.63 13.68 25 24oC 2.1 0 Cor 40.26 14.12 15 14 3.56 0 EC 37 57.71 14.54 15 4.06 1 CC 42.71 NA 15.53 10 16oC 3.5 1 Cor 43.52 14.17 5 14 2.76 0 EC 36.18 51.51 14.16 15 2.97 0 CC 43.3 66.21 14.83 10 16oC 3.09 0 Cor 41.46 13.03 10 14 3.06 0 EC 36.59 55.84 14.76 16 3.53 0 CC 47.11 62.9 15.83 10 16oC 3.14 1 Cor 38.03 15.27 20 14 2.19 0 EC 34.83 53.9 13.4 16 3.38 1 CC 36.5 52.89 16.27 15 16oC 4.02 1 Cor 43.08 15.16 10 15 3.37 1 EC 45.54 70.07 10.66 16 3.45 0 CC 39.26 58.46 14.51 5 16oC 3.01 1 Cor 43.35 13.84 15 15 3.98 1 EC 37.38 NA 14.82 16 3.09 1 CC 40.91 55.9 15.3 5 19oC 4.31 1 Cor 52.17 15.17 30 16 3.94 1 EC 39.77 56.79 16.32 17 2.71 0 CC 37.54 61.13 15.04 10 19oC 4.12 1 Cor 48.7 14.5 5 16 4.72 0 EC 45.62 60.64 14.65 18 2.61 0 CC 44 65.82 13.95 NA 19oC 4.39 1 Cor 49.66 15.98 10 16 2.63 0 EC 47.3 NA 14.09 18 2.65 1 CC 44.26 63.82 12.99 NA 19oC 4.24 1 Cor 46.35 16.13 15 16 4.6 1 EC 46.76 60.75 15.92 18 3.05 0 CC 42.38 NA 13.66 5 11oC 3.82 1 Cor 45.25 15.77 10 17 2.43 0 EC 43.4 60.96 14.46 18 3 1 CC 36.5 62.13 14.13 10 11oC 3.33 1 Cor 43 15.58 10 17 2.58 0 EC 36.4 55.22 14.66 18 2.8 0 CC 41.55 NA 15.77 20 11oC 4.52 0 Cor 53.26 15.99 10 18 3.54 1 EC 42.74 68.51 15.1 20 3.59 0 CC 55.07 NA 14.34 20 11oC 4.2 1 Cor 48.52 17.18 5 18 3.38 0 EC 37.09 64.07 14.65 20 3.61 0 CC 52.02 NA 14.62 5 11oC 3.4 1 Cor 47.1 15.17 5 20 3.81 0 EC 46.78 NA 15.37 20 4.22 1 CC 49.8 74.78 14.61 20 14oC 3.46 1 Cor 46.71 17.15 5 11o 3.13 0 EC 43.65 62.78 15.23 20 2.83 1 CC 45.97 NA 14.01 35 14oC 3.43 1 Cor 45.68 12.48 15 11o 3.12 1 EC 41.97 60.01 16 20 2.48 1 CC 45.77 NA 14.23 15 14oC 3.54 1 Cor 47.5 14.96 15 12o 3.69 0 EC 42.73 NA 16.65 20 3.82 0 CC 52.54 74.1 13.84 25 2oC 3.71 1 Cor 45.29 14.87 10 12o 3.26 0 EC 43.63 62.18 14.29 20 3.89 1 CC 52.06 71.58 16.49 25 2oC 4.66 0 Cor 52.18 17.61 15 17o 4.37 1 EC 48.42 NA 13.71 11o 3.85 0 CC 43.72 61.11 18.32 5 2oC 3.66 1 Cor 45.57 12.87 20 17o 4.7 0 EC 51.5 69.59 12.58 11o 2.96 0 CC 45.62 60.11 14.12 20 17oC 5.34 1 Cor 46.83 17.48 10 23o 4.22 0 EC 36.76 55.72 17.16 12o 3.22 0 CC 51.56 67.64 18 35 17oC 5.5 1 Cor 47.73 19.32 5 23o 3.91 0 EC 37.05 59.85 16.53 12o 3.09 1 CC 49.04 64.55 16.65 40 17oC 3.83 1 Cor 42.52 16.66 10 Abbreviations: Arau=number assigned to each Araucaria tree from which seeds were sampled P= seed weight Res: 0=seed not germinated, 1=germinated seed Treat= treatment EC= Intact seed with coat CC= Partially consumed seed with coat Cor= Hand cut seed Lar= seed lenght LcA= seed lenght counting the "wing" Anc= seed width Cant_Pre= % of seed consumed by parakeet Cant_Cor= % of seed we cut to simulate parakeet bite ESM 4: Proportion of germinated seeds in relation to days passed after sowing Legend: Data used to plot the germination rate of seeds in each treatment after they were sown days_t0 Intact Part_eaten Hand_cut 4 0 0 15 7 0 6 41 11 1 6 42 14 1 9 42 18 1 11 43 22 1 13 43 25 4 13 43 28 6 13 43 32 8 13 43 35 8 14 43 39 9 14 43 42 10 14 43 46 13 14 43 50 13 14 43 53 14 14 43 57 14 14 43 Abbreviations: days_t0= days elapsed from the experiment started Intact= number of intact seeds that germinated till that day Part_eaten= number of partially consumed seeds that germinated till that day Hand_cut= number of hand cut seeds that germinated till that day