Supplementary material from "Three-dimensional dental topography and feeding ecology in the extinct cave bear"

The cave bear (Ursus spelaeus s.l.) was an iconic extinct bear that inhabited the Pleistocene of Eurasia. The cause of extinction of this species is unclear and to identify the actual factors, it is crucial to understand its feeding preferences. Here, we quantified the shape descriptor metrics in three-dimensional (3D) models of the upper teeth (P⁴-M²) of the cave bear to make inferences about its controversial feeding behaviour. We used comparative samples, including representatives of all living bear species with known diets as a template. Our topographic analyses show that the complexity of upper tooth rows in living bears is more clearly associated with the mechanical properties of the items consumed than with the type of food. Cave bears exhibit intermediate values on topographic metrics compared with the bamboo-feeder giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and specialists in hard mast consumption (Ursus arctos and Ursus thibetanus). The crown topography of cave bear upper teeth suggests a high efficiency to chew on tough vegetal resources of low quality, a characteristic which no living bear currently displays. Our results align with a climate-driven hypothesis to explain the extinction of cave bear populations during the Late Pleistocene.