Supplementary material from "Simultaneous warming and acidification limit population fitness and reveal phenotype costs for a marine copepod"
Posted on 2023-08-07 - 03:00
Phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary adaptation allow populations to cope with global change, but limits and costs to adaptation under multiple stressors are insufficiently understood. We reared a foundational copepod species, Acartia hudsonica, under ambient (AM), ocean warming (OW), ocean acidification (OA), and combined ocean warming and acidification (OWA) conditions for 11 generations (approx. 1 year) and measured population fitness (net reproductive rate) derived from six life-history traits (egg production, hatching success, survival, development time, body size, and sex ratio). Copepods under OW and OWA exhibited an initial approximately 40% fitness decline relative to AM, but fully recovered within four generations, consistent with an adaptive response and demonstrating synergy between stressors. At generation 11, however, fitness was approximately 24% lower for OWA compared to the AM lineage, consistent with the cost of producing OWA-adapted phenotypes. Fitness of the OWA lineage was not affected by reversal to AM or low food environments, indicating sustained phenotypic plasticity. These results mimic those of a congener, A. tonsa, while additionally suggesting that synergistic effects of simultaneous stressors exert costs that limit fitness recovery but can sustain plasticity. Thus, even when closely related species experience similar stressors, species-specific costs shape their unique adaptive responses.
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deMayo, James A.; Brennan, Reid S.; Pespeni, Melissa H.; Finiguerra, Michael; Norton, Lydia; Park, Gihong; et al. (2023). Supplementary material from "Simultaneous warming and acidification limit population fitness and reveal phenotype costs for a marine copepod". The Royal Society. Collection. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6777424.v1