Supplementary material from "Responses at various levels of ecological hierarchy indicate acclimation to sequential sublethal heatwaves in a temperate benthic ecosystem"

Marine heatwaves have caused massive mortality in coastal benthic ecosystems, altering community compositions. Here, we aim to understand the effects of single and sequential sublethal heatwaves in a temperate benthic ecosystem, investigating their disturbance on various levels of ecological hierarchy, i.e. individual physiology, trophic groups’ biomass, and ecosystem carbon fluxes. To do so, we performed a near-natural experiment using outdoor benthic mesocosms along spring/summer where communities were exposed to different thermal regimes: without heatwaves (0HW), with one heatwave (1HW), and with three heatwaves (3HWs). Gastropods were negatively impacted by one single heatwave, but the exposure to sequential heatwaves caused no response, indicating ecological stress memory. The magnitude of ecosystem carbon fluxes mostly decreased after 1HW, with a marked negative impact on mesograzers’ feeding, while the overall intensity of carbon fluxes increased after 3HWs. Consumers’ acclimation after the exposure to sequential heatwaves increased grazing activity, representing a threat for the macroalgae biomass. The evaluation of physiological responses and ecological interactions is crucial to interpret variations in community composition and to detect early signs of stress. Our results reveal the spread of heatwave effects along the ecological hierarchical levels, helping to predict the trajectories of ecosystem development.