Supplementary material from "Oviposition-site shift in phytophagous mites reflects a trade-off between predator avoidance and rainstorm resistance"

Predators can reduce prey population densities by driving them to undertake costly defences. Here, we report on a remarkable example of induced antipredator defence in spider mites that enhances the risk to rainstorms. Spider mites live on the undersides of host plant leaves and usually oviposit on the leaf undersurface. When they are threatened by predatory mites, they oviposit on three-dimensional webs to avoid egg predation, although the cost of ovipositing on webs has not yet been clearly determined. We prepared bean plants harbouring spider mite (Tetranychus kanzawai) eggs on either leaf surfaces or webs and exposed them to rainstorms outdoors. We found that fewer eggs remained on webs than on leaf surfaces. We then examined the synergistic effect of wind and rain by simulating both in the laboratory. We conclude that ovipositing on webs comes at a cost, as eggs are washed off the host plants by wind and rain. This may explain why spider mite populations decrease drastically in the rainy season, although they inhibit leaf undersides where they are not directly exposed to rainfall.