Supplementary material from "Ambient temperature and algal prey type affect essential fatty acid incorporation and trophic upgrading in an herbivorous marine copepod"

The essential fatty acids (EFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are critical nutrients for all organisms, and the temperature sensitivity of their trophic transfer in marine systems is of concern because of rising ocean temperatures. Laboratory-reared copepodites of the marine calanoid Calanus finmarchicus were used to test the effects of temperature (at 6°C, 12°C and increasing temperature stress) and prey type (the dinoflagellate Heterocapsa triquetra and the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii) on the extent and efficiency of dietary EPA and DHA incorporation from phytoplankton to copepods in a set of feeding experiments using ¹³C labelling. Temperature was a significant determinant of C. finmarchicus copepodites' EFA incorporation and gross growth efficiency, defined as the fraction of ingested EFAs retained in copepod tissue. Ingestion and incorporation of both EFAs were higher at warmer temperature, except in the case of DHA in copepods feeding on diatoms. DHA-associated growth efficiency was higher at the higher temperature for copepodites consuming the dinoflagellate, but temperature-related variation in algal EFA content was also a predictive factor. Moreover, our results strongly suggest that copepodites are capable of synthesizing EPA when consuming an EPA-depleted diet. Our study implies that the copepod link of marine food webs is resilient in terms of EFA transfer when confronted with alterations of ambient temperature and prey type availability. Measurements presented here are critical for estimating how EFA transfer dynamics respond to intra- and interannual environmental variability.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The next horizons for lipids as ‘trophic biomarkers’: evidence and significance of consumer modification of dietary fatty acids’.