Supplementary methods and results from Ecosystem effects of intraspecific variation in a colour polymorphic amphibian

An emerging consensus suggests that evolved intraspecific variation can be ecologically important. However, evidence that evolved trait variation within vertebrates can influence fundamental ecosystem-level processes remains sparse. In this study, we sought to assess the potential for evolved variation in the Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) to affect aquatic ecosystem properties. Spotted Salamanders exhibit a conspicuous polymorphism in the colour of jelly encasing their eggs—some females produce clear jelly, while others produce white jelly. Although, the functional significance of jelly colour variation remains largely speculative, evidence for differences in fecundity and the morphology of larvae suggests that the colour morphs might differ in the strength or identity of ecological effects. Here, we assessed the potential for frequency variation in Spotted Salamander colour morphs to influence fundamental physiochemical and ecosystem properties: dissolved organic carbon, conductivity, acidity and primary production with a mesocosm experiment. By manipulating colour morph frequency across a range of larvae densities, we were able to demonstrate that larva density and colour morph variation were ecologically relevant: population density reduced dissolved organic carbon and increased primary production while mesocosms stocked with white morph larvae tended to have higher dissolved organic carbon and conductivity. Thus, while an adaptive significance of jelly coloration remains hypothetical, our results show that colour morphs differentially influence key ecosystem properties–dissolved organic carbon and conductivity.