Supplementary material supporting Kauppi and Villnäs from Marine heatwaves of differing intensities lead to distinct patterns in seafloor functioning

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are increasing in frequency and intensity due to climate change. Several well-documented effects of heatwaves on community structure exist, but examples of their effect on functioning of species, communities or ecosystems remain scarce. We tested the effects of short-term, moderate and strong MHWs on macrofauna bioturbation and associated solute fluxes as examples of ecosystem functioning. We also measured macrofaunal excretion rates to assess effects of temperature on macrofauna metabolism. For this experiment, we used unmanipulated sediment cores with natural animal communities collected from a muddy location at 32 m depth in the northern Baltic Sea. Despite the mechanistic effect of bioturbation remaining unchanged between the treatments, there were significant differences in oxygen consumption, solute fluxes and excretion. Biogeochemical and biological processes were boosted by the moderate heatwave, whereas biogeochemical cycling seemed to decrease under a strong heatwave. A prolonged, moderate heatwave could possibly lead to resource depletion if primary production cannot meet the demands of benthic consumption. By contrast, decreased degradation activities under strong heatwaves could lead to a build-up of organic material and potentially hypoxia. The strong variability and the complexity of the response highlight the context dependency of these processes complicating future predictions.