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Supplementary Materials, Methods, and Results; Figs. S1 to S5; Tables S1 to S12 from The influence of stress hormones and aggression on cooperative behaviour in subordinate meerkats

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posted on 2017-08-31, 14:29 authored by Ben Dantzer, Ines Braga Goncalves, Helen C. Spence-Jones, Nigel C. Bennett, Michael Heistermann, Andre Ganswindt, Constance Dubuc, David Gaynor, Marta B. Manser, Tim H. Clutton-Brock
In cooperative breeders, aggression from dominant breeders directed at subordinates may raise subordinate stress hormone (glucocorticoid) concentrations. This may benefit dominants by suppressing subordinate reproduction but it is uncertain whether aggression from dominants can elevate subordinate cooperative behaviour, or how resulting changes in subordinate glucocorticoid concentrations affect their cooperative behaviour. We show here that the effects of manipulating glucocorticoid concentrations in wild meerkats (Suricata suricatta) on cooperative behaviour varied between activities as well as between the sexes. Subordinates of both sexes treated with a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist (mifepristone) exhibited significantly more pup protection behaviour (babysitting) compared to those treated with glucocorticoids (cortisol) or controls. Females treated with mifepristone had a higher probability of exhibiting pup food provisioning (pupfeeding) compared to those treated with cortisol. In males, there were no treatment effects on the probability of pupfeeding, but those treated with cortisol gave a higher proportion of the food they found to pups than those treated with mifepristone. Using 19 years of behavioural data, we also show that dominant females did not increase the frequency with which they directed aggression at subordinates at times when there is need for assistance was highest. Our results suggest that it is unlikely that dominant females manipulate the cooperative behaviour of subordinates through the effects of aggression on their glucocorticoid levels and that the function of aggression directed at subordinates is probably to reduce the probability they will breed.

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    Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

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