10.6084/m9.figshare.7560542.v1 Dominic A. Evangelista Dominic A. Evangelista Benjamin Wipfler Benjamin Wipfler Olivier Béthoux Olivier Béthoux Alexander Donath Alexander Donath Mari Fujita Mari Fujita Manpreet K. Kohli Manpreet K. Kohli Frédéric Legendre Frédéric Legendre Shanlin Liu Shanlin Liu Ryuichiro Machida Ryuichiro Machida Bernhard Misof Bernhard Misof Ralph S. Peters Ralph S. Peters Lars Podsiadlowski Lars Podsiadlowski Jes Rust Jes Rust Kai Schuette Kai Schuette Ward Tollenaar Ward Tollenaar Jessica L. Ware Jessica L. Ware Torsten Wappler Torsten Wappler Xin Zhou Xin Zhou Karen Meusemann Karen Meusemann Sabrina Simon Sabrina Simon Supplementary Material including including all supplementary figures with the exception of the supplementary tables. from An integrative phylogenomic approach illuminates the evolutionary history of cockroaches and termites (Blattodea) The Royal Society 2019 isoptera sociality maternal care transcriptomes systematics paleontology 2019-01-08 17:47:13 Journal contribution https://rs.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Supplementary_Material_including_including_all_supplementary_figures_with_the_exception_of_the_supplementary_tables_from_An_integrative_phylogenomic_approach_illuminates_the_evolutionary_history_of_cockroaches_and_termites_Blattodea_/7560542 Phylogenetic relationships among subgroups of cockroaches and termites are still matters of debate. Their divergence times and major phenotypic transitions during evolution are also not yet settled. We addressed these points by combining the first nuclear phylogenomic study of termites and cockroaches with a thorough approach to divergence time analysis, identification of endosymbionts, and reconstruction of ancestral morphological traits and behaviour. Analyses of the phylogenetic relationships within Blattodea robustly confirm previously uncertain hypotheses such as the sister-group relationship between Blaberoidea and remaining Blattodea, and <i>Lamproblatta</i> being the closest relative to the social and wood-feeding <i>Cryptocercus</i> and termites. Consequently, we propose new names for various clades in Blattodea: <i>Cryptocercus</i> + termites = Tutricablattae; Lamproblattidae + Tutricablattae = Kittrickea; and Blattoidea + Corydioidea = Solumblattodea. Our inferred divergence times contradict previous studies by showing that most subgroups of Blattodea evolved in the Cretaceous, reducing the gap between molecular estimates of divergence times and the fossil record. On a phenotypic level, the blattodean ground-plan is for egg packages to be laid directly in a hole while other forms of oviposition, including ovovivipary and vivipary, arose later. Finally, other changes in egg care strategy may have allowed for the adaptation of nest building and other novelties.